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Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) or cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) are regions of non-coding DNA which regulate the transcription of neighboring genes.CREs are vital components of genetic regulatory networks, which in turn control morphogenesis, the development of anatomy, and other aspects of embryonic development, studied in evolutionary developmental biology.
The strict regulation of translation in both space and time is in part governed by cis-regulatory elements located in 5′ mRNA transcript leaders (TLs) and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs). Due to their role in translation initiation, mRNA 5′ transcript leaders (TLs) strongly influence protein expression.
Cis-regulatory DNA sequences that are located in DNA regions distant from the promoters of genes can have very large effects on gene expression, with some genes undergoing up to 100-fold increased expression due to such a cis-regulatory sequence. [36] These cis-regulatory sequences include enhancers, silencers, insulators and tethering elements ...
A regulatory sequence is a segment of a nucleic acid molecule which is capable of increasing or decreasing the expression of specific genes within an organism. Regulation of gene expression is an essential feature of all living organisms and viruses.
Neurofibromatosis (NF1), also known as Von Recklinghausen disease, is a genetic disorder that is caused by a rare mutation in the neurofibromin gene (NF1) on chromosome 17. [20] This loss of function mutation in the tumor suppressor gene can cause tumors on the nerves called neurofibromas. [21] These appear as small bumps under the skin.
Genetic regulatory circuits (also referred to as transcriptional regulatory circuits) is a concept that evolved from the Operon Model discovered by François Jacob and Jacques Monod. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] They are functional clusters of genes that impact each other's expression through inducible transcription factors and cis-regulatory elements .
Each regulatory protein controls "scores to hundreds" of cis-regulatory elements. For instance, 67 fruit fly transcription factors controlled on average 124 target genes each. [1] All this complexity enables genes involved in the development of the embryo to be switched on and off at exactly the right times and in exactly the right places.
Trans- and cis-regulatory elements co-evolved rapidly in large-scale to maintain gene expression. [2] [3] [4] They often act in opposite directions, one up-regulates while another down-regulates, to compensate for their effects on the exonic and promoter sequences they act on. [2] [3] Other evolutionary models, such as the independent evolution ...