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In 1559, the Italian wars between France and Spain ended with the treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis. These wars had nearly bankrupted both countries. [ 43 ] Additionally, the death of Henry II in July 1559 created a political vacuum and an internal struggle for power between rival factions, which the 15-year-old Francis II lacked the ability to control.
Although most of the wars ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, [1] [2] religious conflicts continued to be fought in Europe until at least the 1710s. [7] These included the Savoyard–Waldensian wars (1655–1690), [ 2 ] [ 7 ] the Nine Years' War (1688–1697, including the Glorious Revolution and the Williamite War in Ireland ), [ 2 ...
The First French War of Religion (2 April 1562 – 19 March 1563) was the opening civil war of the French Wars of Religion. The war began when in response to the massacre of Wassy by the duc de Guise (duke of Guise) , the prince de Condé seized Orléans on 2 April.
The Edict of Nantes helped to end the Wars of Religion in France, which had been raging for decades. It also ensured that the Protestant minority in France would have a measure of religious and political freedom, and helped to establish France as a more tolerant and pluralistic society.
Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, the leader of the Huguenots. The Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day was the culmination of a series of events: The Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, which put an end to the third War of Religion on 8 August 1570.
Huguenot areas of France (marked purple and blue) The 1598 Edict of Nantes that ended the French Wars of Religion granted Protestants, commonly known as Huguenots, a large degree of autonomy and self-rule. La Rochelle was the centre of Huguenot seapower, and a key point of resistance against the Catholic royal government. [1]
The Protestants had enjoyed great success in assuming influence in Amiens, and by 1562, seventeen of the twenty-four échevins (aldermen) were Protestant. [2] During the ascension day procession, the échevins ensured it would be four of their number who carried the important châsse de Saint-Firmin (shrine of Saint-Firmin).
The English expedition to France 1562–1563 was an episode in the First French War of Religion, it resulted in a French victory and the Kingdom of England relinquish its claims to Calais and the surrounding area.