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Beta blockers have also been used for the treatment of schizoid personality disorder. [105] However, there is limited evidence supporting the efficacy of supplemental beta blocker use in addition to antipsychotic drugs for treating schizophrenia. [106] [107] Contrast agents are not contraindicated in those receiving beta blockers. [108]
Figure 1: The chemical structure of dichloroisoprenaline or dichloroisoproterenol (), abbreviated DCI — the first β-blocker to be developed. β adrenergic receptor antagonists (also called beta-blockers or β-blockers) were initially developed in the 1960s, for the treatment of angina pectoris but are now also used for hypertension, congestive heart failure and certain arrhythmias. [1]
It may worsen the symptoms of asthma. [2] Propranolol may cause harmful effects for the baby if taken during pregnancy; [7] however, its use during breastfeeding is generally considered to be safe. [8] It is a non-selective beta blocker which works by blocking β-adrenergic receptors. [2]
Bisoprolol, sold under the brand name Zebeta among others, is a beta blocker which is selective for the beta-1 receptor [7] and used for cardiovascular diseases, [7] including tachyarrhythmias, high blood pressure, angina, and heart failure. [7] [8] It is taken by mouth. [7]
It is also used to prevent further heart problems after myocardial infarction and to prevent headaches in those with migraines. [4] It is a beta blocker, specifically a selective β 1 receptor blocker, and is taken by mouth or is given intravenously. [4] Common side effects include trouble sleeping, feeling tired, feeling faint, and abdominal ...
Class II agents are conventional beta blockers. They act by blocking the effects of catecholamines at the β 1-adrenergic receptors, thereby decreasing sympathetic activity on the heart, which reduces intracellular cAMP levels and hence reduces Ca 2+ influx. These agents are particularly useful in the treatment of supraventricular tachycardias.
Beta blockers - reduces contractility and automaticity of the heart which reduces irregular rhythms but also lowers blood pressure when symptoms occur, and further reduces perfusion ex: Carvedilol, this will control abnormal heart rhythms, but can precipitate Prinzmetal angina and heart block.
Beta 2 blockers primarily contract the smooth muscles in various tissues, particularly airway smooth muscles where beta 2 receptors are predominantly present. [5] There are currently no FDA-approved beta 2 antagonists for clinical uses. Butoxamine, an example of a beta 2 blocker, is only used in research. [5]