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Beta blockers have also been used for the treatment of schizoid personality disorder. [105] However, there is limited evidence supporting the efficacy of supplemental beta blocker use in addition to antipsychotic drugs for treating schizophrenia. [106] [107] Contrast agents are not contraindicated in those receiving beta blockers. [108]
Bisoprolol, sold under the brand name Zebeta among others, is a beta blocker which is selective for the beta-1 receptor [7] and used for cardiovascular diseases, [7] including tachyarrhythmias, high blood pressure, angina, and heart failure. [7] [8] It is taken by mouth. [7]
Toxicity of beta-1 blocker will contribute to symptoms including bradycardia, hypotension, due to its extensive blockage of beta-1 receptor. [5] Moreover, overdose of beta-1 blocker may lead to the loss of their selectivity and bind to beta-2 receptor , causing bronchopulmonary symptoms . [ 5 ]
Vyvanse (lisdexamfetamine) – a pro-drug stimulant used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and binge eating disorder; Vyvanse is converted into Dexedrine in vivo; Viibryd – an antidepressant of the serotonin modulator and stimulators class; Vivactil (protriptyline) an antidepressant also used in the treatment of nerve pain
It may worsen the symptoms of asthma. [2] Propranolol may cause harmful effects for the baby if taken during pregnancy; [7] however, its use during breastfeeding is generally considered to be safe. [8] It is a non-selective beta blocker which works by blocking β-adrenergic receptors. [2]
Figure 1: The chemical structure of dichloroisoprenaline or dichloroisoproterenol (), abbreviated DCI — the first β-blocker to be developed. β adrenergic receptor antagonists (also called beta-blockers or β-blockers) were initially developed in the 1960s, for the treatment of angina pectoris but are now also used for hypertension, congestive heart failure and certain arrhythmias. [1]
Beta 2 blockers primarily contract the smooth muscles in various tissues, particularly airway smooth muscles where beta 2 receptors are predominantly present. [5] There are currently no FDA-approved beta 2 antagonists for clinical uses. Butoxamine, an example of a beta 2 blocker, is only used in research. [5]
Acebutolol, [1] sold under the brand names Sectral among others, is a beta blocker for the treatment of hypertension and arrhythmias. Acebutolol is a cardioselective beta-1 blocker and has intrinsic sympathetic activity. It is commonly used in the treatment of angina. It was patented in 1967 and approved for medical use in 1973. [2]