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A better estimate is provided by the total area of the cross-sections perpendicular to the muscle fibers (green lines in figure 1). This measure is known as the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), and is commonly calculated and defined by the following formula, developed in 1975 by Alexander and Vernon: [4] [5] [6]
Variable pennation angle also influences whole-muscle geometry during contraction. The degree of fiber rotation determines the cross-sectional area during the course of the movement which can result in increases of the thickness or width of the muscle. [12] Pennation angle can be modified through exercise interventions. [13]
The derived measures include the (mid-)upper arm muscle area ((M)UAMA), the (mid-)upper arm fat area ((M)UAFA), and the arm fat index. Although they are not directly convertible into measures of overall body fat weight and density, and research has questioned the connection between skinfold fat and deep body fat measurements, these measures are ...
A barn (symbol: b) is a metric unit of area equal to 10 −28 m 2 (100 fm 2).This is equivalent to a square that is 10 −14 m (10 fm) each side, or a circle of diameter approximately 1.128 × 10 −14 m (11.28 fm).
The cross-sectional area (′) of an object when viewed from a particular angle is the total area of the orthographic projection of the object from that angle. For example, a cylinder of height h and radius r has A ′ = π r 2 {\displaystyle A'=\pi r^{2}} when viewed along its central axis, and A ′ = 2 r h {\displaystyle A'=2rh} when viewed ...
Result of transmission loss (duct acoustics) calculation - a simple example (one chamber silencer). c=520m/s at 400°C; l=0.5m; h=1/3. Considering we have the most simplest reactive silencer with only one expansion chamber (length l and cross-sectional area S2), with inlet and outlet both having cross-sectional area S1).
Elastic therapeutic tape used for lower back pain on an older male. The product is a type of thin, elastic cotton tape that can stretch up to 140% of its original length. [12] As a result, if the tape is applied stretched greater than its normal length, it will "recoil" after being applied and therefore create a pulling force on the skin.
A superficially related concept is the Whitcomb area rule, which states that wave drag due to volume in transonic flow depends primarily on the distribution of total cross-sectional area, and for low wave drag this distribution must be smooth. A common misconception is that the Sears–Haack body has the ideal area distribution according to the ...