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Both the chromatic number and the degeneracy of the k th power of a planar graph of maximum degree Δ are O(Δ ⌊k/2⌋), where the degeneracy bound shows that a greedy coloring algorithm may be used to color the graph with this many colors. [4] For the special case of a square of a planar graph, Wegner conjectured in 1977 that the chromatic ...
Graph of a polynomial of degree 4, with 3 critical points and four real roots (crossings of the x axis) (and thus no complex roots). If one or the other of the local minima were above the x axis, or if the local maximum were below it, or if there were no local maximum and one minimum below the x axis, there would only be two real roots (and two complex roots).
To complete the square, form a squared binomial on the left-hand side of a quadratic equation, from which the solution can be found by taking the square root of both sides. The standard way to derive the quadratic formula is to apply the method of completing the square to the generic quadratic equation a x 2 + b x + c = 0 {\displaystyle ...
The characterization of squaregraphs in terms of distance from a root and links of vertices can be used together with breadth first search as part of a linear time algorithm for testing whether a given graph is a squaregraph, without any need to use the more complex linear-time algorithms for planarity testing of arbitrary graphs.
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The Meredith graph, a quartic graph with 70 vertices that is 4-connected but has no Hamiltonian cycle, disproving a conjecture of Crispin Nash-Williams. [4] Every medial graph is a quartic plane graph, and every quartic plane graph is the medial graph of a pair of dual plane graphs or multigraphs. [5]
The equations x − 2y = −1, 3x + 5y = 8, and 4x + 3y = 7 are linearly dependent. For example, the equations + = + = are not independent — they are the same equation when scaled by a factor of two, and they would produce identical graphs.
A planar lamina is defined as a figure (a closed set) D of a finite area in a plane, with some mass m. [2]This is useful in calculating moments of inertia or center of mass for a constant density, because the mass of a lamina is proportional to its area.