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Effective torque (often referred to as wheel torque or torque to the wheels) is a concept primarily associated with automotive tuning. Torque can be measured using a dynamometer. Common units used in automotive applications can include foot-pounds and Newton·meters. [1] The formula for effective torque to the wheels is: [2] Tw = Te * N tf * η ...
A common type of loose wheel nut indicators are small pointed tags, usually made of fluorescent orange or yellow plastic, which are fixed to the lug nuts of the wheels of large vehicles. [2] The tag rotates with the nut, and if the nut becomes loose, the point of the tag shifts noticeably out of alignment with the other tags.
In the presence of a non-zero slip angle, this torque tends to steer the tire toward the direction in which it is traveling, hence its name. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The magnitude of this torque can be calculated as the product of the lateral force generated at the contact patch and the distance behind the wheel centre at which that force acts.
Because wheel offset changes the lever-arm length between the center of the tire and the centerline of the steering knuckle, the way bumps, road imperfections, and acceleration/braking forces turn into steering torques (bump-steer, torque-steer, etc.) and thus, will change the drivability of the vehicle depending on wheel offset.
Tire identification labels. Automotive tires are described by several alphanumeric tire codes (in North American English) or tyre codes (in Commonwealth English), which are generally molded into the sidewall of the tire. These codes specify the dimensions of the tire and its key limitations, such as load-bearing ability and maximum speed.
Figure 1 Hard wheel rolling on and deforming a soft surface, resulting in the reaction force R from the surface having a component that opposes the motion. (W is some vertical load on the axle, F is some towing force applied to the axle, r is the wheel radius, and both friction with the ground and friction at the axle are assumed to be negligible and so are not shown.
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In the tire factory, the tire and wheel are mounted on a balancing machine test wheel, the assembly is rotated at 100 r/min (about 5–7 m/s (18–25 km/h; 11–16 mph) with recent high sensitivity sensors) or higher, 300 r/min (about 25–27 m/s (90–97 km/h; 56–60 mph) with typical low sensitivity sensors), and forces of unbalance are ...