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A summary of research conducted in Europe suggests that workplace incivility is common there. [2] In research on more than 1000 U.S. civil service workers, Cortina, Magley, Williams, and Langhout (2001) found that more than 70% of the sample experienced workplace incivility in the past five years. [2]
Research has shown if a person has a supportive environment in their work setting, they are more likely to have a more satisfied life. Research has shown that social undermining exists in a separate and distinct continuum when looking at positive workplace behavior (e.g. social support). [citation needed]
Workplace aggression is a specific type of aggression which occurs in the workplace. [1] [2] Workplace aggression is any type of hostile behavior that occurs in the workplace. [3] [1] [4] It can range from verbal insults and threats to physical violence, and it can occur between coworkers, supervisors, and subordinates.
Stress is the most predominant health effect associated with bullying in the workplace. Research indicates that workplace stress has significant negative effects that are correlated to poor mental health and poor physical health, resulting in an increase in the use of "sick days" or time off from work. [110]
Emotions in the workplace play a large role in how an entire organization communicates within itself and to the outside world. "Events at work have real emotional impact on participants. The consequences of emotional states in the workplace, both behaviors and attitudes, have substantial significance for individuals, groups, and society". [1] "
Other research has also shown that people with high scores on a psychopathy rating scale were more likely to engage in bullying, again indicating that psychopaths tend to be bullies in the workplace. [28] A workplace bully or abuser will often have issues with social functioning.
Thus, the negative social distress faced in workplaces is linked with increased consumption of alcohol. [32] Moreover, because workplace harassment cannot be clearly delineated like sexual or racial harassment, victims do not counteract by legal and institution responses. [32] Rather, they rely on drinking to cope with the emotional distress. [32]
Research has shown that one's level of Machiavellianism can be a major factor in situations where workplace manipulation is involved because this trait can have an effect on the ability for an individual to "fit" into a highly political work environment. [32] Research has found individuals with Dark Triad traits are drawn to entrepreneurship.