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  2. Chain-ladder method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain-ladder_method

    According to Jacqueline Friedland's "Estimating Unpaid Claims Using Basic Techniques," there are seven steps to apply the chain-ladder technique: Compile claims data in a development triangle; Calculate age-to-age factors; Calculate averages of the age-to-age factors; Select claim development factors; Select tail factor

  3. Extrapolation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapolation

    In mathematics, extrapolation is a type of estimation, beyond the original observation range, of the value of a variable on the basis of its relationship with another variable. It is similar to interpolation , which produces estimates between known observations, but extrapolation is subject to greater uncertainty and a higher risk of producing ...

  4. List of numerical analysis topics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_numerical_analysis...

    Minimum polynomial extrapolation — for vector sequences; Richardson extrapolation; Shanks transformation — similar to Aitken's delta-squared process, but applied to the partial sums; Van Wijngaarden transformation — for accelerating the convergence of an alternating series

  5. Smith–Wilson method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith–Wilson_method

    A Technical Note on the Smith-Wilson Method, The Financial Supervisory Authority of Norway, (1 July 2010) Lagerås, Andreas & Lindholm, Mathias.

  6. Richardson extrapolation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardson_extrapolation

    In numerical analysis, Richardson extrapolation is a sequence acceleration method used to improve the rate of convergence of a sequence of estimates of some value = (). In essence, given the value of A ( h ) {\displaystyle A(h)} for several values of h {\displaystyle h} , we can estimate A ∗ {\displaystyle A^{\ast }} by extrapolating the ...

  7. Regression analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_analysis

    Prediction outside this range of the data is known as extrapolation. Performing extrapolation relies strongly on the regression assumptions. The further the extrapolation goes outside the data, the more room there is for the model to fail due to differences between the assumptions and the sample data or the true values.

  8. List of Microsoft Office filename extensions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Office...

    Office Open XML (OOXML) format was introduced with Microsoft Office 2007 and became the default format of Microsoft Excel ever since. Excel-related file extensions of this format include:.xlsx – Excel workbook.xlsm – Excel macro-enabled workbook; same as xlsx but may contain macros and scripts.xltx – Excel template.xltm – Excel macro ...

  9. List of file formats - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_formats

    CAG (file format) – Linear Reference System; FES (file format) – 3D Topicscape file, produced when a fileless occurrence in 3D Topicscape is exported to Windows. Used to permit round-trip (export Topicscape, change files and folders as desired, re-import them to 3D Topicscape) MGMF – MindGenius Mind Mapping Software file format