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In mathematics, the floor function is the function that takes as input a real number x, and gives as output the greatest integer less than or equal to x, denoted ⌊x⌋ or floor(x). Similarly, the ceiling function maps x to the least integer greater than or equal to x, denoted ⌈x⌉ or ceil(x). [1]
Graph of the Kempner function In number theory , the Kempner function S ( n ) {\displaystyle S(n)} [ 1 ] is defined for a given positive integer n {\displaystyle n} to be the smallest number s {\displaystyle s} such that n {\displaystyle n} divides the factorial s ! {\displaystyle s!} .
For example, sometimes it is desirable to present solutions which are less than mathematically optimal. To obtain a ranked list of less-than-optimal solutions, the optimal solution is first calculated. A single edge appearing in the optimal solution is removed from the graph, and the optimum solution to this new graph is calculated.
Solution of a travelling salesman problem: the black line shows the shortest possible loop that connects every red dot. In the theory of computational complexity, the travelling salesman problem (TSP) asks the following question: "Given a list of cities and the distances between each pair of cities, what is the shortest possible route that visits each city exactly once and returns to the ...
The smallest solution can be very large. For example, the smallest solution to = is (32 188 120 829 134 849, 1 819 380 158 564 160), and this is the equation which Frenicle challenged Wallis to solve. [20] Values of n such that the smallest solution of = is greater than the smallest solution for any smaller value of n are
Algebraic functions are functions that can be expressed as the solution of a polynomial equation with integer coefficients. Polynomials: Can be generated solely by addition, multiplication, and raising to the power of a positive integer. Constant function: polynomial of degree zero, graph is a horizontal straight line
This is a linear Diophantine equation, related to Bézout's identity. + = + The smallest nontrivial solution in positive integers is 12 3 + 1 3 = 9 3 + 10 3 = 1729.It was famously given as an evident property of 1729, a taxicab number (also named Hardy–Ramanujan number) by Ramanujan to Hardy while meeting in 1917. [1]
Shortest path (A, C, E, D, F), blue, between vertices A and F in the weighted directed graph. In graph theory, the shortest path problem is the problem of finding a path between two vertices (or nodes) in a graph such that the sum of the weights of its constituent edges is minimized.