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Birth defects may result from genetic or chromosomal disorders, exposure to certain medications or chemicals, or certain infections during pregnancy. [4] Risk factors include folate deficiency, drinking alcohol or smoking during pregnancy, poorly controlled diabetes, and a mother over the age of 35 years old.
This not being the case shows that sociologic factors (see above) prime over biological factors in determining interpregnancy interval. With technology developments cases of post-menopausal pregnancies have occurred, and there are several known cases of older women carrying a pregnancy to term, usually with in vitro fertilization of a donor egg ...
Risk factors include a mother who uses alcohol, has diabetes, is over the age of 40, or gets rubella during pregnancy. [5]: 62 It may also be associated with Down syndrome and other chromosomal defects that cause congenital heart defects. [11] TOF is typically treated by open heart surgery in the first year of life. [8]
A second study also found a risk of schizophrenia in both fathers above age 50 and fathers below age 25. The risk in younger fathers was noted to affect only male children. [23] A 2010 study found the relationship between parental age and psychotic disorders to be stronger with maternal age than paternal age. [24]
A study conducted by Gill et al. found an association of advanced maternal age >40 and birth defects such as cardiac issues, esophageal atresia, hypospadias, and craniosynostosis. [36] Lastly, studies have reported that pregnant women over 35 also have increased risk for premature birth and babies with low birth weight. [1] [33]
A combination of pregnancy-exacerbated hypercoagulability and additional risk factors such as obesity and thrombophilias makes pregnant women vulnerable to thrombotic events [29] T.he prophylactic measures that include the usage of low molecular weight heparin, in fact, can significantly reduce risks associated with surgery, particularly in ...
Klinefelter syndrome is not an inherited condition. The extra X chromosome comes from the mother in approximately 50% of the cases. Maternal age is the only known risk factor. Women at 40 years have a four-times-higher risk of a child with Klinefelter syndrome than women aged 24 years. [15] [35] [36]
Risk factors include obesity, lengthy standing or sitting, constrictive clothing and constipation and bearing down with bowel movements. [ citation needed ] Striae gravidarum (stretch marks) – pregnancy-related stretch marks occur in 50% to 90% of women, [ 41 ] and are caused both by the skin stretching and by the effects of hormonal changes ...