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They were symbols of the choice Europeans and Native Americans faced whenever they met: one end was the pipe of peace, the other an axe of war. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 11 ] In colonial French territory, a different tomahawk design, closer to the ancient European francisca , was in use by French settlers and local peoples. [ 11 ]
Axe-monies (Spanish: Tajaderos) refer to bronze artifacts found in both western Mesoamerica and the northern Andes. Based on ethnohistorical , archaeological , chemical, and metallurgical analyses, the scholars Hosler, Lechtman and Holm have argued for their use in both regions (which are separated by thousands of miles) through trade.
South American metal working seems to have developed in the Andean region of modern Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, and Argentina with gold and native copper being hammered and shaped into intricate objects, particularly ornaments. [1] [5] Recent finds date the earliest gold work to 2155–1936 BC. [1] and the earliest copper work to 1432–1132 BC.
Native Americans made use of the trade goods received, particularly knives, axes, and guns. The fur trade provided a stable source of income for many Native Americans until the mid-19th century when changing fashion trends in Europe and a decline in the beaver population in North America brought about a collapse in demand for fur.
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The outcrops are interpreted as the place of the "Flint Spirit." The spirits of Native American travelers on the river, and the spirit of the river, also held a religious significance. For stone walls and rock piles or cairns near archaeological sites, "the evidence begins to suggest these sites are part of a regional phenomenon". [150]
Mogollon culture (/ ˌ m oʊ ɡ ə ˈ j oʊ n /) [1] is a pre-historic archaeological culture of Native American peoples from Southern New Mexico and Arizona, Northern Sonora and Chihuahua, and Western Texas. The northern part of this region is Oasisamerica, [2] [3] [4] while the southern span of the Mogollon culture is known as Aridoamerica. [5]
The Gumbo Point Site is a Native American archaeological site in Saline County, Missouri, located near the Missouri River north of the city of Malta Bend. The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1969.
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