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Sodium silicate is also the technical and common name for a mixture of such compounds, chiefly the metasilicate, also called waterglass, water glass, or liquid glass. The product has a wide variety of uses, including the formulation of cements , coatings, passive fire protection , textile and lumber processing, manufacture of refractory ...
Unless stated otherwise, the properties of fused silica (quartz glass) and germania glass are derived from the SciGlass glass database by forming the arithmetic mean of all the experimental values from different authors (in general more than 10 independent sources for quartz glass and T g of germanium oxide glass). The list is not exhaustive.
Vitrification (from Latin vitrum ' glass ', via French vitrifier) is the full or partial transformation of a substance into a glass, [1] that is to say, a non-crystalline or amorphous solid. Glasses differ from liquids structurally and glasses possess a higher degree of connectivity with the same Hausdorff dimensionality of bonds as crystals ...
Lead oxide is the traditional low temperature flux used for crystal glass, but it is now avoided because it is toxic even in small quantities. It is being replaced by other substances, especially boron and zinc oxides. [3] In clay bodies a flux creates a limited and controlled amount of glass, which works to cement crystalline phases together.
Melting point (glass melt homogenization and fining) 3 4 Working point (pressing, blowing, gob forming) 4 5 Flow point 6.6 7.6 Littleton Softening point (glass deforms visibly under its own weight. Standard procedures ASTM C338, ISO 7884-3) 8–10 9–11 Dilatometric softening Point, T d, depending on load [2] 10.5 11.5
An estimated 4,300 gigajoules (4.3 × 10 19 erg) of heat energy went into forming the glass. As the temperature required to melt the sand into the observed glass form was about 1,470 °C (2,680 °F), this was estimated to have been the minimum temperature the sand was exposed to. [16]
To make glass, the glassmaker starts with the batch, melts it together, forms the glass product, and gradually cools it. The batch is dominated by sand, which contains silica. Smaller quantities of other ingredients, such as soda and limestone, are added to the batch. [2] Additional ingredients may be added to color the glass. For example, an ...
Fused quartz is produced by fusing (melting) high-purity silica sand, which consists of quartz crystals. There are four basic types of commercial silica glass: Type I is produced by induction melting natural quartz in a vacuum or an inert atmosphere. Type II is produced by fusing quartz crystal powder in a high-temperature flame.