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In geology and mineralogy, a mineral or mineral species is, broadly speaking, a solid substance with a fairly well-defined chemical composition and a specific crystal structure that occurs naturally in pure form. [1] [2] The geological definition of mineral normally excludes compounds that occur only in living organisms.
Rock can also be modified with other substances to develop new forms, such as epoxy granite. [24] Artificial stone has also been developed, such as Coade stone. [25] Geologist James R. Underwood has proposed anthropic rock as a fourth class of rocks alongside igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. [26]
Earth materials include minerals, rocks, soil and water. These are the naturally occurring materials found on Earth that constitute the raw materials upon which our global society exists. Earth materials are vital resources that provide the basic components for life, agriculture and industry. [1] [2] [3]
List of rocks on Mars – Alphabetical list of named rocks and meteorites found on Mars; Rock cycle – Transitional concept of geologic time; List of rock formations: for a list of unusual or culturally significant rock outcrops; Leaverite – Rock in the field that looks interesting but is actually not
This is a list of minerals which have Wikipedia articles.. Minerals are distinguished by various chemical and physical properties. Differences in chemical composition and crystal structure distinguish the various species.
Most limestone is otherwise chemically fairly pure, with clastic sediments (mainly fine-grained quartz and clay minerals) making up less than 5% [9] to 10% [10] of the composition. Organic matter typically makes up around 0.2% of a limestone and rarely exceeds 1%. [11]
Over time, natural forces such as wind and water erode bedrock, leading to the creation of sand and gravel deposits. These materials sediment in riverbeds , lakes , and coastal areas. In regions affected by glaciers , aggregates may consist of till —a mixture of various particle sizes deposited by melting ice —or glaciofluvial deposits ...
Yet it is the twelfth most common element there. In the rock of the lithosphere, carbon commonly occurs as carbonate minerals containing calcium or magnesium. It is also found as fossil fuels in coal and petroleum and gas. Native forms of carbon are much rarer, requiring pressure to form. Pure carbon exists as graphite or diamond. [1]