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Additional risks presented to patients can include high costs associated with an ICP sensor's implantation procedure, and the limited access to trained personnel, e.g. a neurosurgeon. Alternative, non-invasive measurement of intracranial pressure, non-invasive methods for estimating ICP have, as a result, been sought. [2]
However, a high proportion of studies of risperidone were undertaken by its manufacturer, Janssen-Cilag, and should be interpreted with this in mind. [9] In those on antipsychotics, continued use decreases the risk of relapse. [10] [11] There is little evidence regarding consistent benefits from their use beyond two or three years. [11]
Typical antipsychotics block the dopamine 2 receptor (D2) receptor, causing a tranquilizing effect. [5] It is thought that 60–80% of D2 receptors need to be occupied for antipsychotic effect. [5] For reference, the typical antipsychotic haloperidol tends to block about 80% of D2 receptors at doses ranging from 2 to 5 mg per day. [5]
Psychiatric Intensive Care Units or PICUs are specialist twenty-four hour inpatient wards that provide intensive assessment and comprehensive treatment to individuals during the most acute phase of a serious mental illness.
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a branch of clinical chemistry and clinical pharmacology that specializes in the measurement of medication levels in blood. Its main focus is on drugs with a narrow therapeutic range , i.e. drugs that can easily be under- or overdosed. [ 1 ]
Many people can eventually be restarted on a lower dose of antipsychotic. [2] [3] As of 2011, among those in psychiatric hospitals on antipsychotics about 15 per 100,000 are affected per year (0.015%). [1] In the second half of the 20th century rates were over 100 times higher at about 2% (2,000 per 100,000). [1]
Many patients will not develop these side effects, although there is still a significant possibility of risks associated with Antipsychotic usage. The percentage of patients affected by side effects like Tardive dyskinesia is significantly high and estimated to be a 20-50% prevalence. [1] [2]
In general, contraindications to antipsychotic switching are cases in which the risk of switching outweighs the potential benefit. Contraindications to antipsychotic switching include effective treatment of an acute psychotic episode, patients stable on a LAI antipsychotic with a history of poor adherence, and stable patients with a history of self-injurious behavior, violent behavior, or ...