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In music theory, pitch-class space is the circular space representing all the notes (pitch classes) in a musical octave. In this space, there is no distinction between tones separated by an integral number of octaves. For example, C4, C5, and C6, though different pitches, are represented by the same point in pitch class space.
The simplest pitch space model is the real line. A fundamental frequency f is mapped to a real number p according to the equation = + (/) This creates a linear space in which octaves have size 12, semitones (the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard) have size 1, and middle C is assigned the number 60, as it is in MIDI. 440 Hz is the standard frequency of 'concert A', which ...
Music education is a field of practice in which educators are trained for careers as elementary or secondary music teachers, school or music conservatory ensemble directors. Music education is also a research area in which scholars do original research on ways of teaching and learning music.
Musical symbols are marks and symbols in musical notation that indicate various aspects of how a piece of music is to be performed. There are symbols to communicate information about many musical elements, including pitch, duration, dynamics, or articulation of musical notes; tempo, metre, form (e.g., whether sections are repeated), and details about specific playing techniques (e.g., which ...
Today the main difference between Western and Eastern neumes is that Eastern notation symbols are "differential" rather than absolute, i.e., they indicate pitch steps (rising, falling or at the same step), and the musicians know to deduce correctly, from the score and the note they are singing presently, which correct interval is meant.
The fundamental concept of musical set theory is the (musical) set, which is an unordered collection of pitch classes. [4] More exactly, a pitch-class set is a numerical representation consisting of distinct integers (i.e., without duplicates). [5]
The smallest pitch difference between notes (in most Western music) (e.g. F–F ♯) (Note: some contemporary music, non-Western music, and blues and jazz uses microtonal divisions smaller than a semitone) semplice Simple sempre Always sentimento Feeling, emotion sentito lit. "felt", with expression senza Without senza misura Without measure ...
Behaviorism examines relationships between the environment and the individual with roots in early 20th century work in the German experimental school. [11] Theories by researchers such as Ivan Pavlov (who introduced classical conditioning), and B.F. Skinner (operant conditioning) looked at how environmental stimulation could impact learning, theorists building on these concepts to make ...