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Whitbread, consultant nurse and paramedic, suggests ten rules of the normal ECG, deviation from which is likely to indicate pathology. [84] These have been added to, creating the 15 rules for 12-lead (and 15- or 18-lead) interpretation. [85] Rule 1: All waves in aVR are negative.
The hexaxial reference system is a diagram that is used to determine the heart's electrical axis in the frontal plane. The hexaxial reference system, better known as the Cabrera system, is a convention to present the extremity leads of the 12 lead electrocardiogram, [1] that provides an illustrative logical sequence that helps interpretation of the ECG, especially to determine the heart's ...
Since pacemaker correction of the third-degree block requires full-time pacing of the ventricles, a potential side effect is pacemaker syndrome, and may necessitate the use of a biventricular pacemaker, which has an additional 3rd lead placed in a vein in the left ventricle, providing more coordinated pacing of both ventricles.
The right leg electrode acts to reduce interference, and can be placed anywhere without an effect on the ECG results. [6] Each lead measures the electric field created by the heart during the depolarization and repolarization of myocytes. The electric field can be represented as a vector that changes continuously and can be measured by ...
The term normal sinus rhythm (NSR) is sometimes used to denote a specific type of sinus rhythm where all other measurements on the ECG also fall within designated normal limits, giving rise to the characteristic appearance of the ECG when the electrical conduction system of the heart is functioning normally; however, other sinus rhythms can be ...
This refers to the appearance of leads I and II. If the QRS complex is negative in lead I and positive in lead II, the QRS complexes appear to be "reaching" to touch each other. This signifies right axis deviation. Conversely, if the QRS complex is positive in lead I and negative in lead II the leads have the appearance of "leaving" each other.
Screenshot of a software for digital ECG processing. Automated ECG interpretation is the use of artificial intelligence and pattern recognition software and knowledge bases to carry out automatically the interpretation, test reporting, and computer-aided diagnosis of electrocardiogram tracings obtained usually from a patient.
The mean, normal SA in healthy young adult females and males is 66° and 80°, respectively, [9] and very similar magnitudes are found in the elderly population (65 years and older). [10] In ECG analysis, the SA is categorized into normal (below 105°), borderline abnormal (105–135°) and abnormal (greater than 135°). [11]