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The amount of relaxation which takes place is a function of time, temperature and stress level, thus the actual effect it has on the system is not precisely known, but can be bounded. Stress relaxation describes how polymers relieve stress under constant strain. Because they are viscoelastic, polymers behave in a nonlinear, non-Hookean fashion. [1]
When the back stress is the same magnitude as the applied stress, the material no longer creeps. When the original stress is taken away, the accumulated back stresses will cause the polymer to return to its original form. The material creeps, which gives the prefix visco-, and the material fully recovers, which gives the suffix -elasticity. [2]
The phase transition is a manifestation of competition among the three forces which contribute to the osmotic pressure in the gel: The positive osmotic pressure of (+) hydrogen ions; The negative pressure due to polymer-polymer affinity; The rubber-like elasticity of the polymer network
The stress relaxation modulus () is the ratio of the stress remaining at time after a step strain was applied at time =: = (), which is the time-dependent generalization of Hooke's law . For visco-elastic solids, G ( t ) {\displaystyle G\left(t\right)} converges to the equilibrium shear modulus [ 4 ] G {\displaystyle G} :
In order to describe the time-dependent creep and stress-relaxation behavior of hydrogel, a variety of physical lumped parameter models can be used. [40] These modeling methods vary greatly and are extremely complex, so the empirical Prony Series description is commonly used to describe the viscoelastic behavior in hydrogels. [40]
Schematic of the evolution of the instantaneous modulus E(t,T) in a static relaxation test. t is the time and T is the temperature. Consider the relaxation modulus E at two temperatures T and T 0 such that T > T 0. At constant strain, the stress relaxes faster at the higher temperature.
In polymer chemistry, the gel point is an abrupt change in the viscosity of a solution containing polymerizable components. At the gel point, a solution undergoes gelation, as reflected in a loss in fluidity. After the monomer/polymer solution has passed the gel point, internal stress builds up in the gel phase, which can lead to volume shrinkage.
In polymer chemistry, gelation (gel transition) is the formation of a gel from a system with polymers. [1] [2] Branched polymers can form links between the chains, which lead to progressively larger polymers. As the linking continues, larger branched polymers are obtained and at a certain extent of the reaction, links between the polymer result ...
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