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  2. Square root of a matrix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root_of_a_matrix

    A symmetric real n × n matrix is called positive semidefinite if for all (here denotes the transpose, changing a column vector x into a row vector). A square real matrix is positive semidefinite if and only if = for some matrix B.

  3. Methods of computing square roots - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_computing...

    A method analogous to piece-wise linear approximation but using only arithmetic instead of algebraic equations, uses the multiplication tables in reverse: the square root of a number between 1 and 100 is between 1 and 10, so if we know 25 is a perfect square (5 × 5), and 36 is a perfect square (6 × 6), then the square root of a number greater than or equal to 25 but less than 36, begins with ...

  4. Matrix analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_analysis

    In mathematics, particularly in linear algebra and applications, matrix analysis is the study of matrices and their algebraic properties. [1] Some particular topics out of many include; operations defined on matrices (such as matrix addition, matrix multiplication and operations derived from these), functions of matrices (such as matrix exponentiation and matrix logarithm, and even sines and ...

  5. Matrix similarity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_similarity

    In linear algebra, two n-by-n matrices A and B are called similar if there exists an invertible n-by-n matrix P such that =. Similar matrices represent the same linear map under two (possibly) different bases, with P being the change-of-basis matrix.

  6. Matrix (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)

    An m × n matrix: the m rows are horizontal and the n columns are vertical. Each element of a matrix is often denoted by a variable with two subscripts.For example, a 2,1 represents the element at the second row and first column of the matrix.

  7. Least squares - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_squares

    The result of fitting a set of data points with a quadratic function Conic fitting a set of points using least-squares approximation. In regression analysis, least squares is a parameter estimation method based on minimizing the sum of the squares of the residuals (a residual being the difference between an observed value and the fitted value provided by a model) made in the results of each ...

  8. Hessian matrix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessian_matrix

    Suppose : is a function taking as input a vector and outputting a scalar (). If all second-order partial derivatives of exist, then the Hessian matrix of is a square matrix, usually defined and arranged as = [].