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A 4Pi microscope is a laser scanning fluorescence microscope with an improved axial resolution. With it the typical range of the axial resolution of 500–700 nm can be improved to 100–150 nm, which corresponds to an almost spherical focal spot with 5–7 times less volume than that of standard confocal microscopy .
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By 1978, the first theoretical ideas had been developed to break the Abbe limit, which called for using a 4Pi microscope as a confocal laser-scanning fluorescence microscope where the light is focused from all sides to a common focus that is used to scan the object by 'point-by-point' excitation combined with 'point-by-point' detection. [14]
4Pi may refer to: IBM System/4 Pi, a family of avionics computers; 4Pi microscope, a microscope that uses interference and fluorescence computers;
Since June 2007, YouTube's videos have been available for viewing on a range of Apple products. This required YouTube's content to be transcoded into Apple's preferred video standard, H.264, a process that took several months. YouTube videos can be viewed on devices including Apple TV, iPod Touch and the iPhone. [108]
The 4Pi-STED-microscope is the result of combining the two unrelated concepts of Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy and 4Pi-microscopy. Here, a fluorescent sample is placed in the common focus of two opposing lenses , but excitation and detection are performed through a single lens (4Pi mode A).
First, the number of incident photons directly impacts the efficiency of this emission, and, secondly, with sufficiently large numbers of photons fluorescence can be completely suppressed. [8] To achieve the large number of incident photons needed to suppress fluorescence, the laser used to generate the photons must be of a high intensity.
Since Lady Gaga's "Bad Romance" in 2009, every video that has reached the top of the "most-viewed YouTube videos" list has been a music video. In November 2005, a Nike advertisement featuring Brazilian football player Ronaldinho became the first video to reach 1,000,000 views. [ 1 ]