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Midazolam is poorly absorbed orally, with only 50% of the drug reaching the bloodstream. [16] Midazolam is metabolised by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and by glucuronide conjugation. Oxidation of midazolam is the major metabolite in human liver microsome (HLM). [68] The half life (t 1 ⁄ 2) of midazolam in HLM is 3.3 minutes. [68]
Midazolam [6] is a benzodiazepine that acts by stimulating inhibitory GABA receptors. Effects are seen within 2–5 minutes, and last 30–60 minutes. [7] [3] Its main effect is anxiolysis, helping to reduce feelings of anxiety, and amnestic effects, helping the patient to forget memories associated with the procedure. It provides no analgesia ...
Amnesia is desirable during surgery, so general anaesthesia procedures are designed to induce it for the duration of the operation. Sedatives such as benzodiazepines, which are commonly used for anxiety disorders, can reduce the encoding of new memories, particularly in high doses (for example, prior to surgery in order for a person not to recall the surgery). [2]
Twilight anesthesia is applied to various types of medical procedures and surgeries. It is a popular choice among surgeons and doctors who are performing anything from minor plastic surgeries to dental work, and procedures that do not require extensive operations or long durations in favor of less nausea and a limited recovery period after surgery.
Etomidate [3] (USAN, INN, BAN; marketed as Amidate) is a short-acting intravenous anaesthetic agent used for the induction of general anaesthesia and sedation [4] for short procedures such as reduction of dislocated joints, tracheal intubation, cardioversion and electroconvulsive therapy.
Remimazolam was approved for medical use in the United States in July 2020. [5] [6]The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved remimazolam based on evidence from three clinical trials (Trial 1/NCT02290873, Trial 2/NCT02296892 and Trial 3/NCT02532647) in adults undergoing short procedures. [5]
A. Acromioplasty; Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder; Akin osteotomy; Ankle fusion; Ankle replacement; Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion; Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Non-medical benzodiazepine use is mostly limited to individuals who use other substances, i.e., people who engage in polysubstance use. [223] On the international scene, benzodiazepines are categorized as Schedule IV controlled drugs by the INCB , apart from flunitrazepam , which is a Schedule III drug under the Convention on Psychotropic ...