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According to Twelvers, there is at all times an Imam of the era who is the divinely appointed authority on all matters of faith and law in the Muslim community. Ali , a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was the first of the Twelve Imams, and, in the Twelvers view, the rightful successor to Muhammad , followed by male descendants of Muhammad ...
The reappearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi is the Twelver eschatological belief in the return of their Hidden Imam in the end of time to establish peace and justice on earth. For Twelvers, this would end a period of occultation that began shortly after the death of Hasan al-Askari in 260 AH (873–874 CE), the eleventh Imam.
This imam in occultation is the twelfth imam, Muhammad, son of the eleventh imam, Hasan al-Askari. [50] According to the Twelvers, the Mahdi was born in Samarra around 868, [51] though his birth was kept hidden from the public. [31] He lived under his father's care until 874 when the latter was killed by the Abbasids. [52]
Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam, with the exception of Husayn Ibn Ali, who was the brother of Hasan Ibn Ali. [96] The twelfth and final Imam is Muhammad al-Mahdi, who is believed by the Twelvers to be currently alive, and in hiding. [99] The Shi'a Imams are seen as infallible.
Muhammad ibn Hasan al-Mahdi (Arabic: محمد بن الحسن المهدي, romanized: Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mahdī) is believed by the Twelver Shia to be the last of the Twelve Imams and the eschatological Mahdi, who will emerge in the end of time to establish peace and justice and redeem Islam.
He described the situation and life of each Imam and the circumstances of each of their deaths. He mentioned the disappearance of the last Muhammad al-Mahdi. [4] The work reflects Mufid's perspective on history and hadith rather than theology or philosophy. [5] This book begins by praising Allah, prophet Muhammad and Shia's twelve Imams.
Contemporary to the tenth Imam, the Abbasid al-Mutawakkil violently prosecuted the Shia, [10] [11] partly due to the renewed Zaydi opposition. [12] The restrictive policies of al-Mutawakkil towards the tenth Imam were later adopted by his son, al-Mu'tamid , who is reported to have kept the eleventh Imam under house arrest without any visitors ...
Al-Askari died in 260 (873-874) without an obvious heir. [12] [13] Immediately after the death of the eleventh Imam, [14] his main representative, Uthman ibn Sa'id, [15] claimed that the Imam had an infant son, named Muhammad, [16] [14] who was kept hidden from the public out of fear of Abbasid persecution, [17] as they sought to eliminate an expected child of al-Askari, whom persistent rumors ...