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Glutamate transporters are a family of neurotransmitter transporter proteins that move glutamate – the principal excitatory neurotransmitter – across a membrane. The family of glutamate transporters is composed of two primary subclasses: the excitatory amino acid transporter ( EAAT ) family and vesicular glutamate transporter ( VGLUT ) family.
Excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the SLC1A3 gene. [5] EAAT1 is also often called the GLutamate ASpartate Transporter 1 ( GLAST-1 ). EAAT1 is predominantly expressed in the plasma membrane, allowing it to remove glutamate from the extracellular space. [ 6 ]
Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) also known as solute carrier family 1 member 2 (SLC1A2) and glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC1A2 gene. [5] [6] Alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but their full-length nature is not known. [6]
Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC17A7 gene. [5] [6] [7]The protein encoded by this gene is a vesicle-bound, sodium-dependent phosphate transporter that is specifically expressed in the neuron-rich regions of the brain.
Glutamate is a very major constituent of a wide variety of proteins; consequently it is one of the most abundant amino acids in the human body. [1] Glutamate is formally classified as a non-essential amino acid, because it can be synthesized (in sufficient quantities for health) from α-ketoglutaric acid, which is produced as part of the citric acid cycle by a series of reactions whose ...
Cystine/glutamate transporter is an antiporter that in humans is encoded by the SLC7A11 gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The SLC7A11 gene encodes a sodium-independent cystine - glutamate antiporter that is chloride dependent, also known as xCT.
Glutamate transporters (EAATs), which use the Na + /K + gradient, reverse glutamate transport (efflux) in affected neurons and astrocytes, and depolarization increases downstream synaptic release of glutamate. [44] In addition, cell death via lysis or apoptosis releases cytoplasmic glutamate outside of the ruptured cell. [45]
Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 is a member of the high-affinity glutamate transporters which plays an essential role in transporting glutamate across plasma membranes in neurons. In the brain, excitatory amino acid transporters are crucial in terminating the postsynaptic action of the neurotransmitter glutamate, and in maintaining ...