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The setbacks that the Austrian army suffered in 1914 and 1915 can be attributed to a large extent by the incompetence of the Austrian high command. [52] After attacking Serbia, its forces soon had to be withdrawn to protect its eastern frontier against Russia's invasion, while German units were engaged in fighting on the Western Front.
The key German decision-makers convinced themselves that Russia would accept an Austrian counter-strike on Serbia and were neither ready for nor seeking a general European war, but they instead engaged in a bluff, [3] especially because Russia had backed down in earlier crises in 1908 and again over Albania in October 1913. [4]
The setbacks that the Austrian army suffered in 1914 and 1915 can be attributed to a large extent by the incompetence of the Austrian high command. [30] After attacking Serbia, its forces soon had to be withdrawn to protect its eastern frontier against Russia's invasion, while German units were engaged in fighting on the Western Front.
At the end of 1915 the German-Austrian advance was stopped on the line Riga–Jakobstadt–Dünaburg–Baranovichi–Pinsk–Dubno–Tarnopol. The general outline of this front line did not change until the Russian collapse in 1917. During the campaign of 1915, the Russian Empire lost the entire line of western fortresses, and more than 4,000 guns.
For God and Kaiser: The Imperial Austrian Army, 1619-1918. Yale UP (2016). Deák, István. "The Habsburg army in the first and last days of world war I: a comparative analysis." in Bela K. Kiraly and Nandor F. Dreisziger, eds. East Central European Society in World War I (1985): 301–312. Stone, Norman.
Franz Joseph I [1] − Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary (1848–1916); Karl I [2] − Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary (1916–1918), Previously commanded Army Group Archduke Karl in 1916, Supreme Commander of the Austro-Hungarian Army (1917–1918)
However, a planned Austrian enveloping movement around the Russian army failed. Main article: Battle of the Zolota Lypa A counter battle between Russian and Austrian troops, the fighting went on with varying success, but as a result, the Austrians were forced to retreat, which later became an important part for the victory on Gnyla Lypa [ 8 ]
Austrian historian Anton Holzer wrote that the Austro-Hungarian army carried out "countless and systematic massacres…against the Serbian population. The soldiers invaded villages and rounded up unarmed men, women and children. They were either shot dead, bayoneted to death or hanged. The victims were locked into barns and burned alive. Women ...