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Limitation clause: The clause places a limit on the amount that can be claimed for a breach of contract, regardless of the actual loss. Time limitation: The clause states that an action for a claim must be commenced within a certain period of time or the cause of action becomes extinguished.
(a) the contract expressly provides that he may, or (b) subject to subsection (2), the term purports to confer a benefit on him. (2) Subsection (1)(b) does not apply if on a proper construction of the contract it appears that the parties did not intend the term to be enforceable by the third party.
The exceptio non adimpleti contractus is a defence that can be raised in the case of a reciprocal contract.In essence, it is a remedy that allows a party to withhold his own performance, accompanied by a right to ward off a claim for such performance until the other party has duly performed his or her obligations under the contract.
Pacta sunt servanda [1] ("agreements must be kept.") is a brocard and a fundamental principle of law which holds that treaties or contracts are binding upon the parties that entered into the treaty or contract. [2] It is customary international law. [3]
Many commercial contracts include clauses that set out a process whereby notice must be given and in what form. Consequently, if there is a written contract, care should be taken to check the contract terms and to ensure compliance notwithstanding that the other party may, on the face of it, have committed a clear and repudiatory breach.
The test of whether a clause is severable is an objective test—whether a reasonable person would see the contract standing even without the clauses. Typically, non-severable contracts only require the substantial performance of a promise rather than the whole or complete performance of a promise to warrant payment.
An integration clause (merger clause) can express that the agreement is complete and fully integrated. "There are no extraneous agreements or other understandings between the parties. The entire agreement is contained within the four corners of this document and any dispute to the meaning contained therein will be governed by this document."
The cultural exemption is a concept that originated in international economic law and more specifically in bilateral and regional free trade agreements. The cultural exemption takes the form of a clause that has the effect of excluding from its scope cultural goods and services that would otherwise be covered by the commitments arising from the agreement in question. [1]