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Velamentous cord insertion impacts fetal development during pregnancy by impairing the development of the placenta [2] and modifying the efficiency of placental function. [17] This can manifest in a range of adverse perinatal outcomes, such as fetal growth restriction, [ 4 ] [ 5 ] placental abruption, [ 3 ] [ 6 ] [ 16 ] [ 18 ] abnormal fetal ...
External cephalic version (ECV) is a process by which a breech baby can sometimes be turned from buttocks or foot first to head first. It is a manual procedure that is recommended by national guidelines for breech presentation of a pregnancy with a single baby, in order to enable vaginal delivery.
Ectopic pregnancy is a complication of pregnancy in which the embryo attaches outside the uterus. [5] Signs and symptoms classically include abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding, but fewer than 50 percent of affected women have both of these symptoms. [1]
To reduce the risk of intraamniotic infection, antibiotics are supplied through the intravenous access about 30–60 minutes before the procedure. If movement of the fetus is a risk to the success of the procedure, the fetus may be paralyzed using a fetal paralytic drug. [10] This image shows anterior blood sampling from the umbilical cord.
In obstetrics, position is the orientation of the fetus in the womb, identified by the location of the presenting part of the fetus relative to the pelvis of the mother. Conventionally, it is the position assumed by the fetus before the process of birth, as the fetus assumes various positions and postures during the course of childbirth .
Treatment may require blood transfusion or emergency hysterectomy. [2] Placental abruption occurs in about 1 in 200 pregnancies. [5] Along with placenta previa and uterine rupture it is one of the most common causes of vaginal bleeding in the later part of pregnancy. [6]
The greatest risk factors are an abnormal position of the baby within the uterus and a premature or small baby. [2] Other risk factors include a multiple pregnancy, more than one previous delivery, and too much amniotic fluid. [2] [3] Whether medical rupture of the amniotic sac is a risk is controversial.
Manual placenta removal is the evacuation of the placenta from the uterus by hand. [6] It is usually carried out under anesthesia or more rarely, under sedation and analgesia . A hand is inserted through the vagina and cervix into the uterine cavity and the placenta is detached from the uterine wall and then removed manually.