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Kaluga, founded in the mid-14th century as a border fortress on the southwestern borders of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, first appears in the historical record in chronicles in the 14th century as Koluga; the name comes from Old Russian kaluga is "bog, quagmire". [15] During the period of Tartar raids it was the western end of the Oka bank ...
5.1 Location map templates. 5.2 Creating new map definitions. Toggle the table of contents. Module: Location map/data/Russia Kaluga Oblast. 7 languages. Afrikaans;
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Kaluga Oblast lies in the central part of the East European Plain. [16] The oblast's territory is located between the Central Russian Upland (with and average elevation of above 200 metres (660 ft) and a maximum elevation of 275 metres (902 ft) in the southeast), the Smolensk–Moscow Upland, and the Dnieper–Desna watershed.
Oblasts are constituent political entities in a federal union with representation in the Federation Council, and serve as a first-level administrative division.Each oblast features a state government holding authority over a defined geographic territory, with a state legislature, the Oblast Duma, that is democratically elected.
English: Kaluga region on the map of Russia. Русский: Калужская область на карте ...
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The Oka (UK: / ˈ ɒ k ə /, US: / ˈ oʊ k ə /; Russian: Ока IPA:) is a river in central Russia, the largest right tributary of the Volga.It flows through the regions of Oryol, Tula, Kaluga, Moscow, Ryazan, Vladimir and Nizhny Novgorod and is navigable over a large part of its total length, as far upstream as the town of Kaluga.