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Glutamate decarboxylase or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and carbon dioxide (CO 2). GAD uses pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP) as a cofactor. The reaction proceeds as follows: HOOC−CH 2 −CH 2 −CH(NH 2)−COOH → CO 2 + HOOC−CH 2 −CH 2 −CH 2 NH 2
The glutamate/GABA–glutamine cycle is a metabolic pathway that describes the release of either glutamate or GABA from neurons which is then taken up into astrocytes (non-neuronal glial cells). In return, astrocytes release glutamine to be taken up into neurons for use as a precursor to the synthesis of either glutamate or GABA.
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E; [4] the anionic form is known as glutamate) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins.It is a non-essential nutrient for humans, meaning that the human body can synthesize enough for its use.
Glutamate (the conjugate base of glutamic acid) is abundant in the human body, but particularly in the nervous system and especially prominent in the human brain where it is the body's most prominent neurotransmitter, the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter, and also the precursor for GABA, the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter. [2]
Dr. Tsushida and his collaborators at the MAFF [1] began developing GABA-rich tea in 1984 and successfully produced a new type tea in which almost all glutamic acid has been converted to GABA without changing the content of catechin or caffeine.
[9] [10] Because GABA-T degrades GABA, the inhibition of this enzyme has been the target of many medical studies. [9] The goal of these studies is to find a way to inhibit GABA-T activity, which would reduce the rate that GABA and 2-oxoglutarate are converted to semialdehyde and L-glutamate, thus raising GABA concentration in the brain.
Aspartic acid (aspartate) (D-aspartic acid, L-aspartic acid) – endogenous glutamate site agonist. The word N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) is partially derived from D-aspartate. Glutamic acid (glutamate) – endogenous glutamate site agonist Tetrazolylglycine – synthetic glutamate site agonist; Homocysteic acid – endogenous glutamate site agonist
In the brain of a mature mammal, glutamate is converted to GABA by the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) along with the addition of vitamin B6. GABA is then packed and released into the post-synaptic terminals of neurons after synthesis. GABA can also be used to form succinate, which is involved in the citric acid cycle.
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