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A fusion energy gain factor, usually expressed with the symbol Q, is the ratio of fusion power produced in a nuclear fusion reactor to the power required to maintain the plasma in steady state. The condition of Q = 1, when the power being released by the fusion reactions is equal to the required heating power, is referred to as breakeven , or ...
As originally formulated, the Lawson criterion gives a minimum required value for the product of the plasma (electron) density n e and the "energy confinement time" that leads to net energy output. Later analysis suggested that a more useful figure of merit is the triple product of density, confinement time, and plasma temperature T .
Ignition can also be defined by the fusion energy gain factor. [3] In the laboratory, fusion ignition defined by the Lawson criterion was first achieved in August 2021, [4] and ignition defined by the energy gain factor was achieved in December 2022, [5] [6] both by the U.S. National Ignition Facility.
Fusion energy gain factor: 2022: 1.54: NIF [286] Discharge time (field reversed configuration) 2016: 3 × 10 −1 s: Princeton Field Reversed Configuration [306] Fusion was not observed. Discharge time is not confinement time. Discharge time (stellarator) 2019 >1 × 10 2 s: Wendelstein 7-X [307] [308] Discharge time (tokamak) 2022 >1 × 10 3 s ...
The Q factor is a parameter that describes the resonance behavior of an underdamped harmonic oscillator (resonator). Sinusoidally driven resonators having higher Q factors resonate with greater amplitudes (at the resonant frequency) but have a smaller range of frequencies around that frequency for which they resonate; the range of frequencies for which the oscillator resonates is called the ...
One limiting factor in improving beta is the size of the magnets. [ citation needed ] Tokamaks use a series of ring-shaped magnets around the confinement area, and their physical dimensions mean that the hole in the middle of the torus can be reduced only so much before the magnet windings are touching.
How to Have More Energy: 7 Tips. This article was reviewed by Craig Primack, MD, FACP, FAAP, FOMA. Life can get incredibly busy, and keeping up often hinges on having enough energy.
With the goal of breakeven (a fusion energy gain factor equal to 1) now in sight, a new series of machines were designed that would run on a fusion fuel of deuterium and tritium. These machines, notably the Joint European Torus (JET) and Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR), had the explicit goal of reaching breakeven.