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Hydrochlorothiazide, sold under the brand name Hydrodiuril among others, is a diuretic medication used to treat hypertension and swelling due to fluid build-up. [4] Other uses include treating diabetes insipidus and renal tubular acidosis and to decrease the risk of kidney stones in those with a high calcium level in the urine . [ 4 ]
Thiazides may be used to treat the symptoms of Dent's disease, an X-linked genetic condition that results in electrolyte imbalance with repeated episodes of kidney stones. A case study of two brothers with the condition, two years of treatment with hydrochlorothiazide reduced the incidence of kidney stones and improved kidney function. [22]
The term usually refers to damage induced by excessive use of combinations of these medications, especially combinations that include phenacetin. It may also be used to describe kidney injury from any single analgesic medication. The specific kidney injuries induced by analgesics are renal papillary necrosis and chronic interstitial nephritis.
Nephrotoxicity is toxicity in the kidneys. It is a poisonous effect of some substances, both toxic chemicals and medications, on kidney function. [1] There are various forms, [2] and some drugs may affect kidney function in more than one way. Nephrotoxins are substances displaying nephrotoxicity.
[2] [3] [4] Specifically it is used in those who develop low blood potassium (hypokalemia) when on only hydrochlorothiazide. [2] [3] It is taken by mouth. [2] [3] [4] Side effects may include nausea, trouble sleeping, dizziness, feeling light headed with standing, kidney problems, allergies, and muscle cramps.
Olmesartan/hydrochlorothiazide, sold under the brand name Benicar HCT among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication used to treat high blood pressure. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is a combination of olmesartan medoxomil , an angiotensin II receptor blocker and hydrochlorothiazide , a diuretic . [ 2 ]
Losartan/hydrochlorothiazide, sold under the brand name Hyzaar among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication used to treat high blood pressure when losartan is not sufficient. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It consists of losartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker ; and hydrochlorothiazide , a thiazide diuretic .
The most obvious cause is a kidney or systemic disorder, including amyloidosis, [2] polycystic kidney disease, [3] electrolyte imbalance, [4] [5] or some other kidney defect. [2] The major causes of acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus that produce clinical symptoms (e.g., polyuria) in the adult are lithium toxicity and high blood calcium.
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