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The terms aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation (substrate-level phosphorylation) do not refer to primary nutritional groups, but simply reflect the different use of possible electron acceptors in particular organisms, such as O 2 in aerobic respiration, or nitrate (NO − 3), sulfate (SO 2−
Anaerobic respiration and its end products can facilitate symbiosis between anaerobes and aerobes. This occurs across taxa, often in compensation for nutritional needs. [26] Anaerobiosis and symbiosis are found in interactions between ciliates and prokaryotes. Anaerobic ciliates interact with prokaryotes in an endosymbiotic relationship. These ...
This definition distinguishes fermentation from aerobic respiration, where oxygen is the acceptor and types of anaerobic respiration, where an inorganic species is the acceptor. [citation needed] Fermentation had been defined differently in the past. In 1876, Louis Pasteur described it as "la vie sans air" (life without air). [7]
In both aerobic and anaerobic systems the growing and reproducing microorganisms within them require a source of elemental oxygen to survive. [1] In an anaerobic system there is an absence of gaseous oxygen. In an anaerobic digester, gaseous oxygen is prevented from entering the system through physical containment in sealed tanks.
Numerous fermentation pathways exist such as lactic acid fermentation, mixed acid fermentation, 2-3 butanediol fermentation where organic compounds are reduced to organic acids and alcohol. [8] [4] The energy yield of anaerobic respiration and fermentation (i.e. the number of ATP molecules generated) is less than in aerobic respiration. [8]
Anaerobic cellular respiration and fermentation generate ATP in very different ways, and the terms should not be treated as synonyms. Cellular respiration (both aerobic and anaerobic) uses highly reduced chemical compounds such as NADH and FADH 2 (for example produced during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle) to establish an electrochemical gradient (often a proton gradient) across a membrane.
Anaerobic digesters can also be fed with purpose-grown energy crops, such as maize. [8] Anaerobic digestion is widely used as a source of renewable energy. The process produces a biogas, consisting of methane, carbon dioxide, and traces of other 'contaminant' gases. [1]
Anaerobic digestion is a complex biochemical process of biologically mediated reactions by a consortium of microorganisms to convert organic compounds into methane and carbon dioxide. It is a stabilization process that reduces odor, pathogens, and waste volume.