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Lipid droplets are composed of a neutral lipid core consisting mainly of triacylglycerols (TAGs) and cholesteryl esters surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. [2] The surface of lipid droplets is decorated by a number of proteins which are involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism. [2]
After the droplets fuse, a mature droplet (full-fledged globule) is formed and can then partake in neutral lipid synthesis or lipolysis. Globules of fat are emulsified in the duodenum into smaller droplets by bile salts during food digestion, speeding up the rate of digestion by the enzyme lipase at a later point in
Perilipin, also known as lipid droplet-associated protein, perilipin 1, or PLIN, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the PLIN gene. [5] The perilipins are a family of proteins that associate with the surface of lipid droplets. Phosphorylation of perilipin is essential for the mobilization of fats in adipose tissue. [6]
In particular, Perilipin 5 is a lipid droplet-associated protein whose function is to keep the balance between lipolysis and lipogenesis, as well as maintaining lipid droplet homeostasis. For example, in oxidative tissues, muscular tissues and cardiac tissues, PLIN5 promotes association between lipid droplets and mitochondria. [6]
In recent years, spherosomes, olesomes, and oil droplets have all been grouped under the general term "lipid droplet", or LD for short. Publications on the subject have grown drastically over the last five years, [ 13 ] but there are still numerous outstanding research questions regarding spherosomes and lipid droplets.
Cholesteryl esters are a type of dietary lipid and are ester derivatives of cholesterol. The ester bond is formed between the carboxylate group of a fatty acid and the hydroxyl group of cholesterol. Cholesteryl esters have a lower solubility in water due to their increased hydrophobicity. Esters are formed by replacing at least one –OH ...
PLIN4 is a member of the perilipin family, a group of proteins that coat lipid droplets in adipocytes, [8] the adipose tissue cells that are responsible for storing fat. Perilipin acts as a protective coating from the body’s natural lipases , such as hormone-sensitive lipase , [ 9 ] which break triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids ...
Brown fat is derived from dermatomyocyte cells. Unlike white fat cells, these cells have considerable cytoplasm, with several lipid droplets scattered throughout, and are known as multilocular cells. The nucleus is round and, although eccentrically located, it is not in the periphery of the cell.
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