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Apollo and Orion Avcoat. AVCOAT 5026-39 is a NASA code for two versions of a specific ablative heat shield material originally created by Avco for the Apollo program. [1] [2] [3] It is composed of silica fibers in an epoxy novolac resin.
Previous ablative heat shields were very heavy. For example, the ablative heat shield on the Apollo Command Module comprised about 15% of the vehicle weight. The winged shuttle had much more surface area than previous spacecraft, so a lightweight TPS was crucial. Fragile
An ablative heat shield consists of a layer of plastic resin, the outer surface of which is heated to a gas, which then carries the heat away by convection. Such shields were used on the Vostok , Voskhod , Mercury , Gemini , and Apollo spacecraft, and are currently used by the SpaceX Dragon 2 , Orion , and Soyuz spacecraft.
Early reentry-vehicle concepts visualized in shadowgraphs of high speed wind tunnel tests. The concept of the ablative heat shield was described as early as 1920 by Robert Goddard: "In the case of meteors, which enter the atmosphere with speeds as high as 30 miles (48 km) per second, the interior of the meteors remains cold, and the erosion is due, to a large extent, to chipping or cracking of ...
An ablative heat shield on the outside of the CM protected the capsule from the heat of reentry, which is sufficient to melt most metals. This heat shield was composed of phenolic formaldehyde resin. During reentry, this material charred and melted away, absorbing and carrying away the intense heat in the process.
[citation needed] To prevent this heat from reaching interior structures, capsules are typically equipped with an ablative heat shield that chars and vaporizes, removing the heat. The Apollo command module reentered with the center of mass offset from the center line; this caused the capsule to assume an angled attitude through the air ...
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Atmospheric re-entry spacecraft use phenol formaldehyde resin as a key component in ablative heat shields (e.g. AVCOAT on the Apollo modules). As the heat shield skin temperature can reach 1000-2000 °C, the resin pyrolizes due to aerodynamic heating. This reaction absorbs significant thermal energy, insulating the deeper layers of the heat shield.
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