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A proverbial phrase or expression is a type of conventional saying similar to a proverb and transmitted by oral tradition. The difference is that a proverb is a fixed expression, while a proverbial phrase permits alterations to fit the grammar of the context. [1] [2] In 1768, John Ray defined a proverbial phrase as:
[1] [6] Establishing lower, thus safer, goals, which is achieved by lowering the standard of satisfactory performance, can help individuals to feel more satisfied with the outcome. [8] Some students use the strategy of defensive pessimism to protect their sense of self-worth by deliberately having pessimistic thoughts about the upcoming tasks.
A performance goal is a goal focused on gaining favorable judgement or avoiding unfavorable judgements by others. Performance goals focuses on ensuring that one's performance is noticeably superior to others. This motivation to outperform others is what enables the person to strive for more achievement in and outside of school and work as well.
Goal orientation, or achievement orientation, is an "individual disposition towards developing or validating one's ability in achievement settings". [1] In general, an individual can be said to be mastery or performance oriented, based on whether one's goal is to develop one's ability or to demonstrate one's ability, respectively. [2]
[63]: 68–69 A solution to this limitation is to set learning goals as well as performance goals, so that learning is expected as part of the process of reaching goals. [64] [65] The section on learning goals has more information on this effect and how to counter it. Goal setting also may impair performance in certain situations.
Students' academic accomplishments are inextricably connected to their self-thought of efficacy and constructed motivation within their contexts. [6] The resilient efforts that highly self-efficacious individuals exert usually enable them to face the challenge and produce high-performance achievements. [ 49 ]
Dads tend to have the most fun hobbies — fishing, golfing, bird watching, and, if you're my father-in-law, storytelling.He tends to be an incredibly fun person to shop for this time of year, but ...
This theory suggests that mastery goals are more effective than performance goals as a motivator. This is because performance goals may cause people to do more social comparison, such as comparing oneself to others, which may ineffectively raise motivation. [3] [2] Mindsets related to learning also play into motivation.