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2. Passive sign convention - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_sign_convention

   Illustration of the "reference directions" of the current (), voltage (), and power () variables used in the passive sign convention.If positive current is defined as flowing into the device terminal which is defined to be positive voltage, then positive power (big arrow) given by the equation = represents electric power flowing into the device, and negative power represents power flowing out.

3. Potential-induced degradation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation

   This effect may cause power loss of up to 30 percent. [1] The cause of the harmful leakage currents, besides the structure of the solar cell, is the voltage of the individual photovoltaic (PV) modules to the ground. In most ungrounded PV systems, the PV modules with a positive or negative voltage to the ground are exposed to PID.

4. Polarity symbols - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarity_symbols

   The adapter typically supplies power to the device through a thin electrical cord which terminates in a coaxial power connector often referred to as a "barrel plug" (so-named because of its cylindrical shape). The polarity of the adapter cord and plug must match the polarity of the device, meaning that the positive contact of the plug must mate ...

5. Floating ground - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_ground

   Electrical equipment may be designed with a floating ground for one of several reasons. One is safety. For example, a low-voltage DC power supply, such as a mobile phone charger, is connected to the mains through a transformer of one type or another, and there is no direct electrical connection between the current return path on the low-voltage side and physical ground (earth).

6. IC power-supply pin - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC_power-supply_pin

   For power supplies, sometimes one of the supply rails is referred to as ground (abbreviated "GND") – positive and negative voltages are relative to the ground. In digital electronics, negative voltages are seldom present, and the ground nearly always is the lowest voltage level. In analog electronics (e.g. an audio power amplifier) the ground ...

7. Direct current - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current

   The negative polarity is achieved by grounding the positive terminal of power supply system and the battery bank. This is done to prevent electrolysis depositions. Telephone installations have a battery system to ensure power is maintained for subscriber lines during power interruptions.