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Tricuspid regurgitation (TR), also called tricuspid insufficiency, is a type of valvular heart disease in which the tricuspid valve of the heart, located between the right atrium and right ventricle, does not close completely when the right ventricle contracts .
While the number and severity of symptoms vary among individuals, repetitive regurgitation of undigested food (known as rumination) after the start of a meal is always present. [2] [3] In some individuals, the regurgitation is small, occurring over a long period of time following ingestion, and can be rechewed and swallowed. In others, the ...
During labor and delivery cardiac output increases more in part due to the associated anxiety and pain, as well as due to uterine contractions which will cause an increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. [42] Valvular heart lesions associated with high maternal and fetal risk during pregnancy include: [42]
Normally, the mitral valve is about 5 cm 2 during diastole. Any decrease in area below 2 cm 2 causes mitral stenosis. Early diagnosis of mitral stenosis in pregnancy is very important as the heart cannot tolerate increased cardiac output demand as in the case of exercise and pregnancy.
ECGs recorded during sinus rhythm and AVRT in a 9-year-old girl with Ebstein's anomaly and a Mahaim accessory pathway. About 50% of individuals with Ebstein's anomaly have an associated shunt between the right and left atria, either an atrial septal defect or a patent foramen ovale .
Aortic regurgitation (AR), also known as aortic insufficiency (AI), is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle. As a consequence, the cardiac muscle is forced to work harder than normal.
Mitral valve prolapse is frequently associated with mild mitral regurgitation, [15] where blood aberrantly flows from the left ventricle into the left atrium during systole. In the United States , MVP is the most common cause of severe, non-ischemic mitral regurgitation. [ 4 ]
Despite the name, nausea or vomiting can occur at any time during the day. [2] Typically the symptoms occur between the 4th and 16th weeks of pregnancy. [2] About 10% of women still have symptoms after the 20th week of pregnancy. [2] A severe form of the condition is known as hyperemesis gravidarum and results in weight loss. [1] [6]