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The incidence of metopic synostosis is roughly between 1:700 and 1:15,000 newborns globally (differs per country). [11] [55] Trigonocephaly is seen more in males than females ranging from 2:1 to 6.5:1. [37] [56] [27] [28] Hereditary relations in metopic synostosis have been found of which 5.5% were well defined syndromic. [11]
It is done by distorting the normal growth of a child's skull by applying pressure. Flat shapes, elongated ones (produced by binding between two pieces of wood), rounded ones (binding in cloth), and conical ones are among those chosen or valued in various cultures. Typically, the alteration is carried out on an infant, when the skull is most ...
[10] [11] The resulting shape appears triangular from above. [12] Like many medical terms, 'trigonocephaly' is derived from Greek, and indicates the head in question is triangular in shape. A facial feature of metopic synostosis is hypotelorism; in the frontal view, it can be seen that the width between the eyes is smaller than usual. [11]
Babies' mobile cranial bones form a cone shape as they pass through the birth canal and soon thereafter return to a normal shape; however, a baby affected by carpenter syndrome maintains a cone shaped head. [citation needed] A baby affected by Carpenter syndrome will also display malformations of the face.
This affects the shape of the head and face, resulting in a cone-shaped head and an asymmetrical face. Individuals with SCS also have droopy eyelids ( ptosis ), widely spaced eyes ( hypertelorism ), and minor abnormalities of the hands and feet ( syndactyly ). [ 2 ]
Plagiocephaly is a diagonal asymmetry across the head shape. Often it is a flattening which is to one side at the back of the head and there is often some facial asymmetry. Depending on whether synostosis is involved, plagiocephaly divides into two groups: synostotic, with one or more fused cranial sutures, and non-synostotic (deformational).
In newborns and toddlers with hydrocephalus, the head circumference is enlarged rapidly and soon surpasses the 97th percentile. Since the skull bones have not yet firmly joined, bulging, firm anterior and posterior fontanelles may be present even when the person is in an upright position. [citation needed]
The problem is often found in conjunction with hydrocephalus, which is a condition in which too much fluid is found within and around the brain, placing pressure on the brain and surrounding tissues. Often the head will appear dome-shaped, and the open fontanelle is noticeable as a "soft spot" on the top of the dog's head.