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[1] In Star Trek, the Trill were a race of humanoids who incorporated a long-living symbiont. One of them was a main character on the series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. In the series Stargate SG-1, both the principal villains, the Goa'uld and their benevolent versions, the Tok'ra were symbionts who grafted themselves into the human nervous system.
An example of a horizontally transmitted symbiont with a high specificity recognition and acquisition method is the Rhizobia-Legume symbiosis. The establishment of the symbiosis begins with the aposymbiotic plant releasing flavinoids that are detected by a specific Rhizobium species and triggers the induction of nod genes in the bacterium. [ 6 ]
For example, in lichens, which consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts, the fungal partners cannot live on their own. [ 11 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] The algal or cyanobacterial symbionts in lichens, such as Trentepohlia , can generally live independently, and their part of the relationship is therefore described as facultative (optional ...
The concept was created by a Marvel Comics reader; [1] the publisher purchased the idea for $220. The original design was then modified by Mike Zeck, at which point it became the Venom symbiote. The concept would be explored and used throughout multiple storylines, spin-off comics, and derivative projects. [2]
Horizontal symbiont transfer (horizontal transmission) is a process where a host acquires a facultative symbiont from the environment or another host. [9] The Rhizobia-Legume symbiosis (bacteria-plant endosymbiosis) is a prime example of this modality. [ 21 ]
The Write Stuff, "Radio 4's game of literary correctness", was a lighthearted quiz about literature on BBC Radio 4, taking a humorous look at famous literary figures, which ran from 1998 [1] to 2014. It was chaired and written by James Walton. [ 2 ]
A symbiosome is formed as a result of a complex and coordinated interaction between the symbiont host and the endosymbiont. [5] At the point of entry into a symbiont host cell, part of the cell's membrane envelops the endosymbiont and breaks off into the cytoplasm as a discrete unit, an organelle-like vacuole called the symbiosome.
A well-studied example is the nocturnally feeding squid Euprymna scolopes, which camouflages its outline against the moonlit ocean surface by emitting light from its underside with the aid of the symbiotic bacterium Vibrio fischeri. [33] The Rosenbergs cite this example within the context of the hologenome theory of evolution. [34]