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  2. Money multiplier - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_multiplier

    In some simplified expositions, the monetary multiplier is presented as simply the reciprocal of the reserve ratio, if any, required by the central bank. More generally, the multiplier will depend on the preferences of households , the legal regulation and the business policies of commercial banks - factors which the central bank can influence ...

  3. Pi - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi

    The number π (/ p aɪ / ⓘ; spelled out as "pi") is a mathematical constant, approximately equal to 3.14159, that is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.It appears in many formulae across mathematics and physics, and some of these formulae are commonly used for defining π, to avoid relying on the definition of the length of a curve.

  4. Normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution

    In probability theory and statistics, a normal distribution or Gaussian distribution is a type of continuous probability distribution for a real-valued random variable.The general form of its probability density function is [2] [3] = ().

  5. Lapse rate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapse_rate

    After saturation, the rising air follows the moist (or wet) adiabatic lapse rate. [20] The release of latent heat is an important source of energy in the development of thunderstorms. While the dry adiabatic lapse rate is a constant 9.8 °C/km (5.4 °F per 1,000 ft, 3 °C/1,000 ft), the moist adiabatic lapse rate varies strongly with temperature.

  6. PageRank - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank

    The university received 1.8 million shares of Google in exchange for use of the patent; it sold the shares in 2005 for $336 million. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] PageRank was influenced by citation analysis , early developed by Eugene Garfield in the 1950s at the University of Pennsylvania, and by Hyper Search , developed by Massimo Marchiori at the ...

  7. Special relativity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativity

    In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between space and time.In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, the theory is presented as being based on just two postulates: [p 1] [1] [2]

  8. Gini coefficient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient

    The Italian statistician Corrado Gini developed the Gini coefficient and published it in his 1912 paper Variabilità e mutabilità (English: variability and mutability). [16] [17] Building on the work of American economist Max Lorenz, Gini proposed using the difference between the hypothetical straight line depicting perfect equality and the actual line depicting people's incomes as a measure ...

  9. Gaokao - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaokao

    In 2006, a record high of 9.5 million people applied for tertiary education entry in China. Of these, 8.8 million (93%) took the Gaokao and 27,600 (0.28%) were exempted as these students demonstrated exceptional merit in the quality of their work and understanding of the academic subjects. Out of the 9.5 million applicants, 5,460,500 (57.48% ...