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  2. Birthday problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_problem

    The birthday problem in this more generic sense applies to hash functions: the expected number of N-bit hashes that can be generated before getting a collision is not 2 N, but rather only 2 N ⁄ 2. This is exploited by birthday attacks on cryptographic hash functions and is the reason why a small number of collisions in a hash table are, for ...

  3. Coincidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coincidence

    An example is the birthday problem, which shows that the probability of two persons having the same birthday already exceeds 50% in a group of only 23 persons. [4] Generalizations of the birthday problem are a key tool used for mathematically modelling coincidences.

  4. Cheryl's Birthday - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl's_Birthday

    Cheryl's Birthday" is a logic puzzle, specifically a knowledge puzzle. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The objective is to determine the birthday of a girl named Cheryl using a handful of clues given to her friends Albert and Bernard.

  5. Birthday attack - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_attack

    Comparison of the birthday problem (1) and birthday attack (2): In (1), collisions are found within one set, in this case, 3 out of 276 pairings of the 24 lunar astronauts. In (2), collisions are found between two sets, in this case, 1 out of 256 pairings of only the first bytes of SHA-256 hashes of 16 variants each of benign and malicious ...

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  7. Pigeonhole principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeonhole_principle

    The birthday problem asks, for a set of n randomly chosen people, what is the probability that some pair of them will have the same birthday? The problem itself is mainly concerned with counterintuitive probabilities, but we can also tell by the pigeonhole principle that among 367 people, there is at least one pair of people who share the same ...

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  9. 6-year-old provides the most genius answer to his math problem

    www.aol.com/news/2015-11-04-6-year-old-provides...

    Young student answers math test by drawing his thinking in a bubble. ... 6-year-old provides the most genius answer to his math problem. Ruben Salvadori. Updated July 14, 2016 at 10:42 PM.