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For a pair of types K, V, the type map[K]V is the type mapping type-K keys to type-V values, though Go Programming Language specification does not give any performance guarantees or implementation requirements for map types. Hash tables are built into the language, with special syntax and built-in functions.
Map functions can be and often are defined in terms of a fold such as foldr, which means one can do a map-fold fusion: foldr f z . map g is equivalent to foldr (f . g) z. The implementation of map above on singly linked lists is not tail-recursive, so it may build up a lot of frames on the stack when called with a large list. Many languages ...
count(string) Number of characters Swift (1.2) countElements(string) Number of characters Swift (1.0–1.1) string.len(string) (string):len() #string: Lua: string size: Smalltalk: LEN(string) LEN_TRIM(string) Fortran: StringLength[string] Mathematica «FUNCTION» LENGTH(string) or «FUNCTION» BYTE-LENGTH(string) number of characters and number ...
PER Aligned: a fixed number of bits if the integer type has a finite range and the size of the range is less than 65536; a variable number of octets otherwise; OER: 1, 2, or 4 octets (either signed or unsigned) if the integer type has a finite range that fits in that number of octets; a variable number of octets otherwise
A classic example of a problem which a regular grammar cannot handle is the question of whether a given string contains correctly nested parentheses. (This is typically handled by a Chomsky Type 2 grammar, also termed a context-free grammar .)
On finite lists, that means that left-fold and reverse can be composed to perform a right fold in a tail-recursive way (cf. 1 +> (2 +> (3 +> 0)) == ((0 <+ 3) <+ 2) <+ 1), with a modification to the function f so it reverses the order of its arguments (i.e., foldr f z == foldl (flip f) z. foldl (flip (:)) []), tail-recursively building a ...
Any function calling a CPS-ed function must either provide a new continuation or pass its own; any calls from a CPS-ed function to a non-CPS function will use implicit continuations. Thus, to ensure the total absence of a function stack, the entire program must be in CPS.
A branch table allows the switch statement to determine with a small, constant number of instructions which branch to execute without having to go through a list of comparisons, while a binary search takes only a logarithmic number of comparisons, measured in the number of cases in the switch statement.