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In manufacturing, a countersink (symbol: ⌵) is a conical hole cut into a manufactured object, or the cutter used to cut such a hole. A common use is to allow the head of a countersunk bolt , screw or rivet , when placed in the hole, to sit flush with or below the surface of the surrounding material (by comparison, a counterbore makes a flat ...
Framing square, or steel square, or carpenter's square, or roofing square Originally designed for timber framing, a framing square is made from a single flat piece of metal or polymer to a standardised design with a long, wide blade and at 90° to that a shorter, narrower tongue. It can also be used for measuring lengths and for calculating angles.
Square, for marking and referencing 90° angles and checking if surfaces are flat and square to one another. Mitre square, for marking and referencing 45° angles, such as in woodworking for mitre joints. Spirit level, to check if a surface is level or similarly if a surface or edge is plumb (vertical). Depth gauge or height gauge.
Common lines made using a speed square include perpendicular cut marks and Angles definition of an angle for roofs, stairways, and decks. The tool uses a 0° reference. This means when a board is squared off the tool reads 0°. The angle derived is actually a complementary angle, for example a 22.5° angle is actually 67.5°. The sum of the ...
The complementary angles of the arc tan are used on most angle measuring devices in construction. The tangent of hip, valley, and jack rafters are less than 1.00 in all pitches above 0°. An eighteen pitch has a side cut angle of 29.07° and a two pitch has a side cut angle of 44.56° for jack rafters. This is a variation of 15.5° between pitches.
Commonly used when measuring the corners of a hex drive, such as a hex nut. AF: across flats: Commonly used when measuring the flat surfaces of a hex drive, such as a hex nut. AFF above finished floor A dimension that establishes a distance away from the finished floor.
The shelf angle, in turn, is attached to major elements of the building structure such as floor beams or structural columns. Shelf angles are in reality a horizontal expansion joint which allows growth of the brick below the shelf angle and to allow movement or shrinkage of the frame without putting stresses on the brick veneer.
Self-tapping screws can be divided into two classes: [3] those that displace material (especially plastic and thin metal sheets) without removing it, known as "thread-forming" self-tapping screws, and self-tappers with sharp cutting surfaces that remove the material as they are inserted, termed "thread-cutting" self-tapping screws.