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Macular amyloidosis is a cutaneous condition characterized by itchy, brown, rippled macules usually located on the interscapular region of the back. [4]: 521 Combined cases of lichen and macular amyloidosis are termed biphasic amyloidosis, and provide support to the theory that these two variants of amyloidosis exist on the same disease spectrum.
Amyloidosis is a group of diseases in which abnormal proteins, known as amyloid fibrils, build up in tissue. [4] There are several non-specific and vague signs and symptoms associated with amyloidosis. [5] These include fatigue, peripheral edema, weight loss, shortness of breath, palpitations, and feeling faint with standing. [5]
To date, 37 human proteins have been found to form amyloid in pathology and be associated with well-defined diseases. [2] The International Society of Amyloidosis classifies amyloid fibrils and their associated diseases based upon associated proteins (for example ATTR is the group of diseases and associated fibrils formed by TTR). [3]
The amyloid reaction is a staining reaction used to identify certain chemical properties of lichen tissues. The cap includes a small, amyloid tholus —a structure within the ascus tip—with a non-amyloid central plug.
Fissurina amyloidea is a little-known species of script lichen in the family Graphidaceae. [1] It is found in the primary rainforests of Rondônia, Brazil.It is characterized by its weakly carbonized lirellae and thick-walled, strongly amyloid ascospores.
Asci are either prototunicate or unitunicate, and either amyloid or non-amyloid. Ascospores are simple, spherical to ellipsoid in shape, hyaline, and non-amyloid. The conidiomata are in the form of pycnidia. The conidia are non-septate, ellipsoid or bacilliform, rarely globose or filiform to sigmoid, and hyaline. No lichen products are made.
These spores come in various shapes – ellipsoid, oblong, fusiform (spindle-shaped), to cutriform (knife-shaped) – and are clear and non-amyloid. In addition to spore reproduction, Icmadophilaceae lichens can also reproduce asexually through structures called pycnidia , which produce rod-shaped (bacillar), hyaline conidia (asexual spores).
The spores are amyloid positive. The outside edges are different shades of brown. This species is distinguished by small holes in the upper thallus. Apothecia are rarely seen on this species so they mostly reproduce asexually. The lobes of this lichen are rounded and almost tube-like, with soredia on the lobe tips.