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The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea. [2] In eukaryotes , it extends from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane and is composed of similar proteins in the various organisms.
Inside a cilium and a flagellum is a microtubule-based cytoskeleton called the axoneme. The axoneme of a primary cilium typically has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets (called a 9+0 axoneme), and the axoneme of a motile cilium has two central microtubules in addition to the nine outer doublets (called a 9+2 axoneme).
Detailed diagram of lipid bilayer of cell membrane The cell membrane , or plasma membrane, is a selectively permeable [ citation needed ] biological membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. In animals, the plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the cell, while in plants and prokaryotes it is usually covered by a cell wall .
The prokaryotic cytoskeleton is the collective name for all structural filaments in prokaryotes. [2] Some of these proteins are analogues of those in eukaryotes , while others are unique to prokaryotes.
Zonula Occludin 1 (ZO-1) serves as the scaffolding protein for the tight junction. This means that it directly links the tight junction proteins to the f-actin cytoskeleton. In addition to anchoring claudins, occludin, and JAMs to the apical region of the cell membrane, ZO-1 has also been implicated in important cellular processes such as ...
Micrograph showing condensed chromosomes in blue, kinetochores in pink, and microtubules in green during metaphase of mitosis. In cell biology, the spindle apparatus is the cytoskeletal structure of eukaryotic cells that forms during cell division to separate sister chromatids between daughter cells.
The cytosol's filaments include the protein filaments such as actin filaments and microtubules that make up the cytoskeleton, as well as soluble proteins and small structures such as ribosomes, proteasomes, and the mysterious vault complexes. [14] The inner, granular and more fluid portion of the cytoplasm is referred to as endoplasm.
Together with an alpha-beta catenin complex, the cadherin can bind to the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of the cell. This allows for homophilic cell–cell adhesion. [18] The β-catenin–α-catenin linked complex at the adherens junctions allows for the formation of a dynamic link to the actin cytoskeleton. [19]