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MessagePack is more compact than JSON, but imposes limitations on array and integer sizes.On the other hand, it allows binary data and non-UTF-8 encoded strings. In JSON, map keys have to be strings, but in MessagePack there is no such limitation and any type can be a map key, including types like maps and arrays, and, like YAML, numbers.
For Unicode, the particular sequence of bits is called a code unit – for the UCS-4 encoding, any code point is encoded as 4-byte binary numbers, while in the UTF-8 encoding, different code points are encoded as sequences from one to four bytes long, forming a self-synchronizing code. See comparison of Unicode encodings for details.
UTF-8-encoded, preceded by 32-bit integer length of string in bytes Vectors of any other type, preceded by 32-bit integer length of number of elements Tables (schema defined types) or Vectors sorted by key (maps / dictionaries) Ion [18] \x0f [b]
The same character converted to UTF-8 becomes the byte sequence EF BB BF. The Unicode Standard allows the BOM "can serve as a signature for UTF-8 encoded text where the character set is unmarked". [75] Some software developers have adopted it for other encodings, including UTF-8, in an attempt to distinguish UTF-8 from local 8-bit code pages.
UTF-8 is also the recommendation from the WHATWG for HTML and DOM specifications, and stating "UTF-8 encoding is the most appropriate encoding for interchange of Unicode" [4] and the Internet Mail Consortium recommends that all e‑mail programs be able to display and create mail using UTF-8.
A code point is represented by a sequence of code units. The mapping is defined by the encoding. Thus, the number of code units required to represent a code point depends on the encoding: UTF-8: code points map to a sequence of one, two, three or four code units. UTF-16: code units are twice as long as 8-bit code units.
Other languages such as JavaScript, Python, Ruby, and many dialects of BASIC do not have a primitive character type but instead add strings as a primitive data type, typically using the UTF-8 encoding. Strings with a length of one are normally used to represent single characters.
ISO-8859-1, Windows-1252, and the original 7-bit ASCII were the most common character encoding methods on the World Wide Web until 2008, when UTF-8 overtook them. [57] ISO/IEC 4873 introduced 32 additional control codes defined in the 80–9F hexadecimal range, as part of extending the 7-bit ASCII encoding to become an 8-bit system. [63]