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Anti-streptolysin O (ASO or ASLO) is the antibody made against streptolysin O, an immunogenic, oxygen-labile streptococcal hemolytic exotoxin produced by most strains of group A and many strains of groups C and G Streptococcus bacteria. The "O" in the name stands for oxygen-labile; the other related toxin being oxygen-stable streptolysin-S.
Titers of 1:4 or higher is considered critical for Kell (compared to 1:16 for most other antibodies) and is considered to confer a high risk of fetal anemia. [17] Such high titers may be managed by weekly follow-up by obstetric ultrasound , assessing the peak systolic velocity of the fetal middle cerebral arterial (MCA), amniotic fluid volume ...
Newborn Screening Tests - Transfusion with donor blood during pregnancy or shortly after birth can affect the results of the Newborn Screening Tests. It is recommended to wait and retest 10–12 months after the last transfusion. In some cases, DNA testing from saliva can be used to rule out certain conditions. [citation needed]
The exact cause of morning sickness remains unknown. Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy is typically mild and self-limited, resolving on its own by the 14th week of pregnancy. Other causes should also be ruled out when considering treatment. Initial treatment is typically conservative, and may include changes to diet and emotional support.
Titers of 1:8 or higher is considered critical for Kell. Titers of 1:16 or higher are considered critical for all other antibodies. After critical titer is reached, care is based on MCA scans. If antibodies are low and have a sudden jump later in pregnancy, an MCA scan is warranted.
The ESR is typically high, the C-reactive protein elevated, and the blood showing an increase in white blood cells. [4] The ESR is initially very high and falls as the nodules of erythema nodosum. The ASO titer is high in cases associated with a streptococcal throat infection.
Post-streptococcus glomerulonephritis is more often associated with group A strep skin infection than it is with strep pharyngitis, so in a patient with suspected post-strep glomerulonephritis with a negative ASO titer, one can then obtain anti-DNase-B titers which are more sensitive for group A strep and for its various strains.
The first treatment for Rh disease was an exchange transfusion invented by Wiener [24] and later refined by Dr. Harry Wallerstein. [25] Approximately 50,000 infants received this treatment. However, this could only treat the disease after it took root and did not do anything to prevent the disease.