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Methylxanthines are chemical compounds which are derivatives of xanthine with one or more methyl groups, including: One methyl group: 1-Methylxanthine; 3-Methylxanthine; 7-Methylxanthine; Two methyl groups: Theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine) Paraxanthine (1,7-dimethylxanthine) Theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine) Three methyl groups:
Xanthine (/ ˈ z æ n θ iː n / or / ˈ z æ n θ aɪ n /, from Ancient Greek ξανθός xanthós ' yellow ' for its yellowish-white appearance; archaically xanthic acid; systematic name 3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione) is a purine base found in most human body tissues and fluids, as well as in other organisms. [2]
Theophylline, also known as 1,3-dimethylxanthine, is a drug that inhibits phosphodiesterase and blocks adenosine receptors. [1] It is used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. [2] Its pharmacology is similar to other methylxanthine drugs (e.g., theobromine and caffeine). [1]
Methylxanthines, including theophylline, aminophylline and dyphylline, are a class of drugs that can achieve bronchodilation and reduce bronchospasm for symptomatic control of asthma. [ 7 ] Methylxanthines act as a competitive inhibitor of phosphodiesterase , inhibiting phosphodiesterase degradation action of cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine ...
Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class and is the most commonly consumed psychoactive substance globally. [9] [10] It is mainly used for its eugeroic (wakefulness promoting), ergogenic (physical performance-enhancing), or nootropic (cognitive-enhancing) properties.
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7-Methylxanthine (7-MX), also known as heteroxanthine, is an active metabolite of caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) and theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is a non-selective antagonist of the adenosine receptors .
IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine), like other methylxanthine derivatives, is both a: competitive non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor [1] which raises intracellular cAMP, activates PKA, inhibits TNFα [2] [3] and leukotriene [4] synthesis, and reduces inflammation and innate immunity, [4] and; nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist. [5]