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Commercial manufacturing of these atomic clocks began in 2011. [4] The CSAC, the world's smallest atomic clock, is 4 x 3.5 x 1 cm (1.5 x 1.4 x 0.4 inches) in size, weighs 35 grams, consumes only 115 mW of power, and can keep time to within 100 microseconds per day after several years of operation.
In August 2004, NIST scientists demonstrated a chip-scale atomic clock that was 100 times smaller than an ordinary atomic clock and had a much smaller power consumption of 125 mW. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] The atomic clock was about the size of a grain of rice with a frequency of about 9 GHz.
Apple A12 and Huawei Kirin 980 mobile processors, both released in 2018, use 7 nm chips manufactured by TSMC. [ 127 ] AMD began using TSMC 7 nm starting with the Vega 20 GPU in November 2018, [ 128 ] with Zen 2-based CPUs and APUs from July 2019, [ 129 ] and for both PlayStation 5 [ 130 ] and Xbox Series X/S [ 131 ] consoles' APUs, released ...
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In 2011, chip-scale atomic clocks became available. Although vastly more expensive and power-hungry (120 mW vs. <1 μW), they keep time within 50 parts per trillion ( 5 × 10 −11 ). [ 13 ]
Symmetricom was one of the only two world’s commercial supplier of cesium atomic standards (atomic clocks) - the other one is Oscilloquartz, in Switzerland. By weighted average, Symmetricom atomic clocks contributed over 90% of UTC (Coordinated Universal Time, the world time standard).
Commercial rubidium clocks are less accurate than caesium atomic clocks, which serve as primary frequency standards, so a rubidium clock is usually used as a secondary frequency standard. Commercial rubidium frequency standards operate by disciplining a crystal oscillator to the rubidium hyperfine transition of 6.8 GHz (6 834 682 610.904 Hz).
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