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  2. Galvanization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanization

    These plaques can flake off, leading to visible impurities in water and a slight metallic taste. The life expectancy of galvanized piping is about 40–50 years, [12] but it may vary on how well the pipes were built and installed. Pipe longevity also depends on the thickness of zinc in the original galvanizing, which ranges on a scale from G01 ...

  3. Ductile iron pipe - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductile_iron_pipe

    Life expectancy of unprotected ductile iron pipes depends on the corrosiveness of soil present and tends to be shorter where soil is highly corrosive. [4] However, a lifespan in excess of 100 years has been estimated for ductile iron pipelines installed using "evolved laying practices", including use of properly installed LPS (polyethylene ...

  4. Erosion corrosion of copper water tubes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion_corrosion_of...

    The corrosion rate of copper in most drinkable waters is less than 2.5 μm/year, at this rate a 15 mm tube with a wall thickness of 0.7 mm would last for about 280 years. In some soft waters the general corrosion rate may increase to 12.5 μm/year, but even at this rate it would take over 50 years to perforate the same tube.

  5. Iowa utilities grapple with how to pay up to $1.35 billion ...

    www.aol.com/iowa-utilities-grapple-pay-1...

    The modified federal rule also could require galvanized water lines to be replaced, as well, if they are connected to lead lines. At $14,000 apiece, replacing Iowa's 96,436 lead service lines ...

  6. Piping and plumbing fitting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting

    A galvanized coating of metallic zinc was often used to protect steel water pipes from corrosion, but this protective coating eventually would dissolve away, exposing the iron to deterioration. Pipes used to convey fuel gas are often made of "black iron", which has been chemically treated to reduce corrosion, but this treatment does not resist ...

  7. Hot-dip galvanization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-dip_galvanization

    Galvanized fumes are released when the galvanized metal reaches a certain temperature. This temperature varies by the galvanization process used. In long-term, continuous exposure, the recommended maximum temperature for hot-dip galvanized steel is 200 °C (392 °F), according to the American Galvanizers Association.

  8. Life expectancy isn't rising as much, the health consequences ...

    www.aol.com/lifestyle/life-expectancy-isnt...

    Biden sets a new deadline for lead pipe removal On Tuesday, President Biden set a 10-year deadline for cities across the U.S. to replace their lead pipes in a bid to improve water quality.

  9. Hazen–Williams equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazen–Williams_equation

    h f = head loss in meters (water) over the length of pipe; L = length of pipe in meters; Q = volumetric flow rate, m 3 /s (cubic meters per second) C = pipe roughness coefficient; d = inside pipe diameter, m (meters) Note: pressure drop can be computed from head loss as h f × the unit weight of water (e.g., 9810 N/m 3 at 4 deg C)

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