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  2. Variational method (quantum mechanics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variational_method...

    The ground state energy would then be 8E 1 = −109 eV, where E 1 is the Rydberg constant, and its ground state wavefunction would be the product of two wavefunctions for the ground state of hydrogen-like atoms: [2]: 262 (,) = (+) /. where a 0 is the Bohr radius and Z = 2, helium's nuclear charge.

  3. Koopmans' theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koopmans'_theorem

    The lowest of these states is the ground state and this often, but not always, arises from removal of the electron from the HOMO. The other states are excited electronic states. For example, the electronic configuration of the H 2 O molecule is (1a 1 ) 2 (2a 1 ) 2 (1b 2 ) 2 (3a 1 ) 2 (1b 1 ) 2 , [ 10 ] where the symbols a 1 , b 2 and b 1 are ...

  4. Field effect (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_effect_(chemistry)

    Field effect on a carbonyl arising from the formal charge on N in a quaternary ammonium salt. A field effect is the polarization of a molecule through space. The effect is a result of an electric field produced by charge localization in a molecule. [1]

  5. Ground state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_state

    Energy levels for an electron in an atom: ground state and excited states. After absorbing energy , an electron may jump from the ground state to a higher-energy excited state. The ground state of a quantum-mechanical system is its stationary state of lowest energy ; the energy of the ground state is known as the zero-point energy of the system.

  6. Energy level - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_level

    In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell, or principal energy level, may be thought of as the orbit of one or more electrons around an atom's nucleus. The closest shell to the nucleus is called the "1 shell" (also called "K shell"), followed by the "2 shell" (or "L shell"), then the "3 shell" (or "M shell"), and so on further and ...

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  8. Quantum vacuum state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_vacuum_state

    The video of an experiment showing vacuum fluctuations (in the red ring) amplified by spontaneous parametric down-conversion.. If the quantum field theory can be accurately described through perturbation theory, then the properties of the vacuum are analogous to the properties of the ground state of a quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator, or more accurately, the ground state of a measurement ...

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